"öƽ Ȳ ذå б å"
öƽ ̼öƽ ° εǸ鼭, öƽ üϱ پ ذ ǰ ִ. ߿ öƽ , , ϸ鼭 ߰, ؼ̶ ΰǾ ̼öƽ ڿذ ִ ؼ öƽ 䰡 ϰ, ̿ ӵ Ȯǰ ִ.
ʱ ؼ öƽ öƽ а ڿ صǴ ȥ ر öƽ Ͽ, ֱٿ õ Ĺڿ ϰ, ڿ ̻ ̻ȭźҷ ص ִ 2 ؼ öƽ ַ ̷ ִ. , öƽ , ܰ 鿡 öƽ Ͽ Ȱ뼺 鿡 ִ ̴.
ǿȭ ǰ ִ öƽ а ȥ öƽ̰, ˷ PLA, PHA, PBS Ȱϴ. ̷ , Ȱ뼺 ̿ öƽ 忡 ټ ȴ. ̸ ȰϿ ȯ öƽ ü ý ֵ бå ʿ ̴.
̿ 5 ǿ ؿ öƽ , Һ, Ȱ, ȯ öƽ õ ¸ ˸ Բ ϸ ذ ã ߰ Ѵ.
ڷ : ѱбѸ
. öƽ
1. öƽ
. öƽ
öƽ(plastic) öƼڽ(plastikos) , ‘ ’ Ǵ ‘ ’̶ ǹ̸ ϰ ִ(, 2013). ϴ ϴ η Դ , , ݼ, پ ̷ Ī δ.
öƽ źȭ Ȥ ̿Ž(biomass)1) ռȭչ(synthetic polymer)2) Īϴ DZ ϰ, ռȭչ ռ(synthetic resin) Ȥ ռ ռ Īϴ DZ Ѵ. ؾ ̼öƽ Ī öƽ ռ ռ ϴ ǰ ִ.3) öƽ 쿡 ռ Īϴ ϰ, ռ ռ, ռ 쿡 ռȭչ̶ ϵ Ѵ(< 1.1> ).
ȭչ ڷ 10,000 ̻ ȭչμ, õȭչ ռȭչ ִ. ռ ȭչ ռ, ռ, ռ еȴ. 츮 ϴ ռȭչ κ ϴ Ÿ() Ͽ ƿ, ʷ չ پ ռȭչ Ѵ. ռȭչ Ȱǰ ǻ, ڵ, Ǽ ̸ پ 뵵 ǰ ִ(< 1.2> ).
öƽ پ ɼ ‘ ’ Ȥ ‘ ’ 縦 Ȱ о߿ õ縦 üϿ ϰ ǰ , 뷮 Ȯǰ ִ.
η 縦 ô, ûô, öô Ѵٸ, öƽ ô öƽ 빮 ϴ ٽɼ ǰ ִ.
. öƽ
öƽ ڱ ٽ Ǵ źҴ ȭ Ȥ ̿Žκ Ḧ ϸ, ձ ɼ Ҽ öƽ ȭ öƽ еȴ(< 1.3> ).
Ҽ öƽ Ȥ շ ϱ ϸ ڱ ϸ鼭 ݸ, ȭ 罽 ϸ鼭 ̷ ص Ͼ ʴ´(<ǥ 1.1> ). Ҽ öƽ ƿ ŻƮ(Polyethylene terephthalate, PET), ƿ(Polyethylene, PE), ʷ(Polypropylene, PP), Ƽ(Polystyrene, PS), īƮ (Polycarbonate, PC) ν 迡 öƽ 91% ϰ ִ(CISION, 2015).
Ǵ ռ κ (Polyester) , ũδƮ(Polyacrylonitrile, PAN), ƹ̵(Polyamide, PA), ʷ(Polypropylene, PP) ִ(<ǥ1.2> ). κ ռ ȭḦ , PET ( ) 쿡 PET ִ(UNEP, 2018). ռ 忡 83% Ͽ е̸, 鼶 üϿ 귮 ϰ ִ(UNEP, 2018).
()ռ ʸ(Semi-synthetic fibers and films) ̿Ž, Ư ο Ͽ ڹ̴(< 1.4> ). ο , Ĩ, 볪 ̴.
()ռ(semi-synthetic) ̿Ž Ͽ پ ȭ Ͽ , Ȳ, ̿ , , ο ƼƮ ʸ Ѵ(UNEP, 2018). ̷ ()ռڴ ̿Ž ϱ ذ ϴٴ ִٰ Ǿ, ٴپ ϸ ̿ ο ƼƮ Ͱ ״ ǰ ־, ̵ ڿȯ濡 صǴ Ѱ谡 ִٴ ش(UNEP, 2018).
̿ öƽ(bio-plastics) ũ еȴ. öƽ(biodegradable plastics) ̻ ۿ뿡 ̻ȭźҷ (ȣ⼺ ǿ ȣ⼺ )ǰų ź (⼺ ǿ ⼺ ) ִ öƽ ϸ, ̿Ž ϰų ȭḦ Ͽ ִ. ̿ öƽ(bio-based plastics) , , , , Ĺ ⸧ , ̿ öƽ ذ ʴ öƽ ִ(< 1.5> ). ̿ öƽ ȭ öƽ ȭ ֱ ȭ öƽ ο ȭ öƽ ȥϰų ü , ش ʴ´. ̿ öƽ 뷫 21 ǰ ְų ߿ , öƽ 忡 1% ̸ Ұϰ, ̿ öƽ öƽ 23.2%μ, κ ̿ ᰡ ÷ PET Ȥ PE · ǰ ִ(OECD, 2018).
. öƽ
öƽ ⼺ ȭչ̱ ڿȯ ذ , ȭ öƽ ̻ Ⱓ ʿϴ. öƽ öƽ öƽ Ȱ뼺 ϱ ؼ ǰ ʿϴ. ش ̻Ӹ ƴ϶ (ڿܼ ), ȭ ȯ ۿ뿡 öƽ ϰų ɰ ͱ ϴ öƽ ̻ȭź/ź ñ صǴ ǹϴ ƴϴ(<ǥ 1.3> ). ش ð ӿ ذ Ͼ ϴ , ؼ ִ ǵ , ȭ öƽ ؼ 뷫 58±2 ǿ 6 ̳ ߷ ּ 90% ̻ ذ Ǿ ϰ, 12 ̳ 2mm ̸ ɰ ϴ ϰ ִ. ų 쿡 ȭ ü ȭ Ȱ , ȭ ü 쿡 Ȯϱ ؼ ȭ Ⱓ 8ֿ Ұϱ öƽ ȭ ü ȭ Ȱ Ǵ ȴ(OECD, 2018).
. ̼öƽ(microplastics)
öƽ ֱ ° ü ߴ ǰ ִ ̼öƽ ߰, Ȳ ϰ å ɵ ϰ Ѵ. ̹ 忡 ̼öƽ ߰߰ ǿ Ұϰ, 忡 ̼öƽ ؼ Ȳ ڼϰ ٷ絵 Ѵ.
ٴǥ ٴϴ öƽ 1970 ʹݺ а迡 DZ Ͽ, 2000 ʹݱ ̼öƽ Ȯ Ǵ , 2000 Ĺݿ õǾ. ̰ ִ ũ⸦ Īϴ Ǿ, и ũ ̼ ũ öƽ ϴ ̾(GESAMP, 2015). ‘̼öƽ’̶ 2004 Thompson ̰ ؿ ĺǴ ̼öƽ ؾȯ濡 ϰ ִٴ Science ǥϸ鼭 ó DZ Ͽ(Thompsonet al., 2004).
̼öƽ ũ Ǵ 2008 ̱ ؾû(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) ٴ ̼öƽ ũ ó ǵǾ, ְ, پϰ °迡 ִ öƽ ũ 5mm ̸ äõǾ(GESAMP, 2015)4) (< 1.6> ).
ؾ öƽ 1Ͱ Ѵ ũ ̼ ũ پϴ. , , Һ ũⰡ ū öƽ ؾ ų ɷ װ ظ ߱ϴ ݸ, ũⰡ öƽ ַ ؾ 븦 ° ̻罽 ظ ߱ ִ.
̼öƽ (origin) 1 ̼öƽ(primary microplatics) 2 ̼öƽ(secondary microplastics) еȴ. 1 ̼öƽ Ǵ ˰, öƽ Ǵ öƽ и, ȭǰ Ǵ ũκ, پϰ Ǵ ڵ, öƽ ǰ ᰡ Ǵ 緿 Ѵ(GESAMP, 2015). 2 ̼öƽ öƽ ȯ濡 Ǹ鼭 ڷ ɰ ϸ, öƽ ȯ濡 Ǿ , ̻ ۿ뿡 ɰ鼭 Ѵ(GESAMP, 2015).
2. öƽ Ȳ
. öƽ 귮
1) öƽ Ȳ
öƽ 귮 1950 2鸸 濡 2015 407鸸 5) 65 2 ̻ Ͽ. öƽ 뵵 뷮(2002~2014) (45%)ǰ , (19%), Һ ǰ(12%) ǰ ִ(< 1.7> ). öƽ 뷮(2002~2014) PE(36%), PP(21%), PVC(12%), PET(10%) ǰ ִ(Geyer et al., 2017) (< 1.8>,
<ǥ 1.4> ). ζ 2050 Ǹ öƽ 귮 1,503鸸 6) ִ. 2015 Һ 6% öƽ 꿡 ǰ , 2050 Ǹ 20% ȴ. źҹⷮ 1% öƽ Һ , 2050 Ǹ 20% ȴ(World Economic Forum, 2016).
2016 öƽ Ȳ , ƽþ 귮 50% ϰ , Ư ߱ 귮 29% ϰ ִ(< 1.9> ). öƽ 귮 ߱ Ÿ ƽþ 10 Ͽ, Ϲ 2008~2009 귮 ްϰ ȸ Ȳ̴(PlasticsEurope, 2017 ; OECD, 2018).
2) öƽ Ȳ
ռȭչ 뷮 2016 11.2鸸 ̸, öƽ(ռ) 뷮 6.2鸸 ̴(ѱȭȸ, 2017) (<1.10>, < 1.11> ). ռȭչ Һ 뷮 3% ϰ ִ(< 1.11>, < 1.12> ).
2015 1δ öƽ Һ 132.7kg ְ (EUROMAP, 2016), ̰ 1δ öƽǰ Һ ǹϴ ƴ϶ öƽ Ḧ ϴ Һ Ѵ(< 1.12> ). öƽ öƽ ǰ(öƽ ǰ, ڵ, ǰ ) ϴ ̸ ϸ öƽ ǰ ҺǴ ̱, Ϻ Ͽ Ǵܵȴ.
. öƽ Ȳ
Geyer et al.(2017) 1950 2015 öƽ 귮 öƽ ǰ 뵵 Լ ̿Ͽ öƽ Ͽ(< 1.13> ). Ǵ 쿡 1 ̳ ҺDZ 귮 , ǰ ̻ Ǵ 쿡 Լ ̿Ͽ ϰ ִ.
Geyer et al.(2017) 2015 öƽ 302鸸 , (70~100 ) 3~4% ϰ ִ(OECD, 2018). 2015 öƽ 47% , 14%, Ÿ 13%, Ǽ 12% ϰ (< 1.14> ), δ PE 32% , PP 18%, PPA 14%, PET 11% (Geyeret al., 2017) (< 1.15> ).
2015 8,300鸸 öƽ Ǿ, 5,800鸸 Ǿ(< 1.16> ). öƽ 4,600鸸 ٷ Ÿ Ȥ Ǿ, 700鸸 ҰǾ, 500鸸 ȰǾ. Ȱ 100 ٽ Ȱ Ǿ, 300鸸 Ÿ Ȥ Ǿ, 100鸸 ҰǾ. Ȱ ٽ Ȱǰų Ұ Ȥ Ÿ öƽ 6,300鸸 ̸, 600鸸 ȰǾ, 4,900鸸 Ÿ Ȥ Ǿ, 800鸸 ҰǾ. 2050 ҰǴ 12,000鸸 , Ÿ Ȥ Ǵ 12,000鸸 , ȰǴ 9,000鸸 ȴ(Geyer et al., 2017) (< 1.17> ).
迡 2016 ռ ȭչ 1,000 ̴(<ǥ 1.5> ). ռ 7鸸 ռ ȭչ 70% ϰ ִ(<ǥ 1.6> ). ϴ ռȭչ 1鸸 Ÿǰ ְ, 4鸸 Ұǰ , 5鸸 Ȱǰ ִ(<ǥ 1.5> ). Ȱ뷮 1.5鸸 Ȱǰ , 3.3鸸 ȸǰ ִ(< 1.18> ). ҹ óǴ ȯ濡 Ǵ 絵 , Ȯ 翡 ؼ ľ ̴.
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1) ¾翡 Ĺ ̻ ռ Ǵ Ĺü ü ̸ ϴ ü ϴ ü . 깰, ۹, , ؾ μ ȯ Ѵ. 2) Polymer ڷ ū(poly) ü(mer) ̴. 3) ؾ翡 Ǵ ̼öƽ ϰ ִ. 4) ̼öƽ ũ ؿ ؼ м ϱ Ʊ ǿ(pragmatic) (arbitrary) Ǿ. (GESAMP, 2016 ; UNEP, 2018) 5) öƽ (resin) 귮 2015 381鸸 , ÷ 뷮( 7%) öƽ 귮 407鸸 ̴. 6) öƽ 귮 ̸, ÷ öƽ 귮 ̺ .
< 3. öƽ ̼öƽ ȯ ° ̾ϴ>
<۱ڨ 'öƽ̾' - .>
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