" 鿡 ٶ ż嵿"
ٶ! ż嵿, ã ΰ?
̷ ¿ ο 嵿 ߱ 䱸ǰ ִ. б ⺻ȹ ǥ , 嵿 ܰ Ư ȭ , ȯ ַ ű հ, ȸ ȿ , Ÿ Ż ߱å ûϴ ٰ ũ. ̿ ǥ “ż嵿 ߱ ã ΰ?” 鿡 캸 ư ⼺ Ѵ.
ߴ ַ ü ̸ ο Ȳ̴. ַ 鼭 弼 üǴ ̰ ִµ ΰġ 1970~1985 28.6% 2001~2016 6.6% ߴ. Ư ö κ ΰġ Ⱓ 43.9% 5.7% ū ϶Ͽ.
ڰ ũ ϴ ַ ִ.* ں 1970~1985 17.6% 2001~2016 4.8% ϶߰, ̷ ϴµ ʿ ° üǰ ִ.
IMD ų ǥϴ ѱ 2000 29 2011 22 Ͽ 2018 27 ٽ ϶߰, ֱ 2014 6, 8 2018 7, 14 ϶ߴ. ̿ ַ ǰ ż ߱ ΰ 鿡 캸 ⼺ ϰ Ѵ.
ż嵿 ǹ̿ å
ż嵿 ǹ
ż嵿 ǹ̴ Ȯ ǵǾ , б 鿡 Ӱ ٽɿõ, 鿡 ΰġ Ȯ ڸ â ̲ ο ٽɱ Ȥ ǹѴ.*
* 嵿 “ γ ̳ ߱ ο âϰ,ο , ΰġ ڸ â ũ Ǵ ٽɱ Ǵ ǰ(, ǰ, , ) Ī” ϰ ִ.
б
ʴ ÷ܱ Ȥ , õ ϴ ̶ ǹ̰ ϴ. ̷ ʱ ܰ迡 ӹ ִ 찡 κ̸ Ȥ ȭǾ ̷忡 ϰ , ̴ ̴ Ȥ ߵǴ ǿȭ Ȥ ȭ Ұ ɼ Ѵ.
ΰġ Ȯ ıȿ ̲ ڸ â ̷ ο ǹϴ μ ̶ ż嵿 б . бӸ ƴ϶ ο ̵ ο Ȥ âϿ ´ٸ ̰ ż嵿 ִ.
&ȸ
忡 غ ÷ܱ ϰų ū ı ȿ ̲ , ̶⺸ٴ о߿ Ǹ鼭 Ը â о ̴. ȸ 鿡 ĺȭ αȭ, ڿ, پ ȸ ذ ϴ Ȥ ǹ̸ .
å
δ κ å Ű 嵿 о߸ Ͽ ؿԴ. ù ó R&D G7 Ʈ 10Ⱓ 18 о߿ Ͽ Ͽ, 16 뼺嵿 å оߺ ǰ ü , 17 ż嵿 å, 18 ̷嵿 å 嵿 å ȭǾ Դ. θ ο 嵿 о߸ ϰ ü Ǵ å Ӽ ϰ κ ƽ ̴. δ װ ΰ 嵿 ʿ о 4 ȹ Ͽ ó ʿ о, ڸ âȿ о߸ Ͽ 13 ż嵿 Ͽ, оߺ Ư ȭ ñ Ͽ Ͽ ϰ ִ.
ַ ǰ ż嵿 ã
ַ
弼 Ը ū ܳ ַ ̴. ַ ٸ ι 弼 Ⱓ ǰ 䰡 ħǾ ִ. ̿ ַ» 庸 ܳ ϼ ɼ . ̿ ȭ ε 2017 6,649 86.8% ȭ ٽ ̴. 2017 1,199 ڸ ݸ 345 ڸ Կ ִ.
ı ȿ
ַ ū ı ȿ ȿ ٸ ÿ ϴ ̴. ȿ ٽ ֿ ߰ μ ü 嵵 Ŀ , ÿ ΰġ 罽 ΰġ ȿ Ÿ ι ıȿ Ŀ ϸ, ϱ ؼ ٽɱ ֿ ߰翡 ȭ ʿϴ. Ĺ о߸ ϴ ߱Ͽ Ÿ ̲ Ѵ. Harberger(1998) θ (mushroom) ȿ(yeast) Ͽµ ̷ Ÿ 谡 Ư ٸ 鵵 ϴ ǹѴ.
ȿ ϴ
Ʈ带 ̲ ٽ ݿ ȮǸ鼭 꼺 ȿ ִ ٽ ݿ ȿ â ִ ̴. ô , , ֱ IT ٽ ̷ ݿ θ ̿Ǵ μ ַ ȿ ݿ ܺȿ âѴ. ٸ ַ ݵ 䱸Ǵ ƴϴ. ѱ ְ 1980, 1990 TFP(Total Factor Productivity) Ͽ. 1980 TFP 3%p, 1990 2%p ߹ Ͽ 2010 Ŀ 1.5%p , 2000 ʹ 缺 4.7% 2011 Ĵ 3.2% 1.5% ϶Ͽ. Ⱓ TFP 缺 ϶ 3 2 1%pŭ ϶Ͽ ֱ ϶ ֵ ۿǰ ִ.
߱ ִ
߱ ·, ߰ؿȿ ߱ ִ ʿ Ȳ̴. ѱ ַ ū ߱ ̸߰, ʼ ϼ ̹ ߱ ߿ϰ ִ Ȳ̴. ̷嵿 ѱ ߱ øǴ κ Ȳ̰ R&D ߱ , ߱ Ը R&D Ը ȿ ʿ䰡 ִ. ߱ 2000 22 2016 3 19 ϸ鼭 ̱(4) ѱ(5) ߿Ͽ, ߱ Ը 2016 11.0 ѱ 1.3 8迡 ϸ, ̷ Ը ̶ ( , Ը , Ʈ ) ߱ Ű ִ. R&D Ը 2014 ѱ 509 ߱ 2,252 20% ؿ Ұϴ.
ż嵿ν ַ ؾ Ѵ. ű ·Ű ؼ ̻ 䰡 ʿϴ. ̷ Ǵ پ о߿ ߿ Ʈ带 ϰ ȭκ ߵǴ ȭ ִ ̾ Ѵ. ߽(Technology-push) ſ ȸ ȭ ϴ (Eemane-pull) å ȭ ʿϴ. 弼 ȭǰ ۷ι ȭǸ鼭 ֿ䱹 ַ ü Ǵ ϰ ǰ ̿ ֿ ַ ħü غϰ 뵿, , Ⱥ ȸ ذϰ ִ. ǥ ũ, Ϻ κ, ̽ װ· ִ. ũ ·, ·ķ, , , о ǥ Ǿ ִ.
ż嵿 ã
̷ ΰ ִ Ȯ
ΰġ ڰ DZ ؼ ַ ٺ ħ Ǿ Ѵ. ٽ ǰ ߿ ؿ ص ؿܷ ΰġ Ƿ ·ΰ ٽ õ ߿ ڸ ֵ ڰ Ǿ ̷Ż ʿ䰡 ִ. Ư ΰ· κ б ؿ ΰġ â ̾ ̴. 2017 ڴ 29.2 ̸, ΰ· ι б ڴ 155 ߰, ǰ Ϻ 32.9%, ̱ 27.4%, ״ 15.4% Ÿ, Ϻ ̱ ǰ ̻ ϰ ִ.
۷ι ָ
ż嵿 ϱ ؼ ű 帧 óijŻ ڵ ľ ۷ι ʿ䰡 ִ. Ʈ ű Ŭ ˹ Ŀ Ժ ũ 밡 Ŀ Ŀ ߰ݱⰣ Ժ Ŀ. ȯ κ ϴ п Ͽ츦 ϰ ָ غϴ ߵ Ѵ. ѱ ó ȯ Ǹܹ븮 , ⼺ ʿ䰡 ִ. Ǹܹ븮 ڱԸ 2011~2013 б 15 ؿ 2017~2018 30 ȮǴ ̰, 2017~2018 ͳݼ, Ͱ, AI ͳ о߰ 34.2% ̴. δ コɾ 22.8%, Ʈ 16.7% ̾ ݸ, κ, Ʈ丮, 3D , ڵ, ȯ о ڴ ̰ ִ.
Ʈ忡 ɼ м
ѹ ռ Ʈ ľ ż嵿 ߱ ְ, Һ ȭ âǴ 並 ο ô ʿ䰡 ִ. ѱ α ȭ, 1 , Ȱ Һ Һ Ʈ尡 ȭԿ ̿, ǹ ұԸ Һ, Ȱ ο 䰡 âǰ ִ. , ȯ ȭ ۷ι Ʈ忡 Ž ߱ ߿伺 Ŀ ̸ ÷ Ӹ ƴ϶ ̹ ߵ ȰϿ Ʈ ȭ 並 âϰ Ȯ ʿ䰡 ִ. ں 忡 Ʈ带 ľϰ ο 並 ô ʿ伺 Ѵ. 꼺 鿡 α ȭ, ΰǺ ȸ ȭ ں 忡 ĥ ǴܵǸ, Ȯ ɼ, ۷ι ü ȭ ݵ ں 忡 ο 並 â ɼ . , ڵȭ κ, ȭǰ ִ Ȳ, ŵ ߿ , Ư ȿ뼺 شȭϴ â ߿ϴٰ ִ.
ߵ ű ٽ
ѱ ְ R&D ڸ ϰ ְ, Ư ϰ · ̳ ȭ Ǵܵǰ ִ. 2016 R&D ڴ GDP 4.23% 2 ϰ 2012 4% ̻ ϰ ִ. ̿ б 2000 13,803 2016 59,628 ũ ȮǾ, ߵ PCTƯ(ϱ) 2000 1,044 2017 14,538 Ȯʿ Ǽ ũ ȮǴ ̴. · ֿ ϴ. 濵߿(IMD) · ǥ ѱ 2010 5.18 2016 4.58 ϶ϴٰ 2018 5.25 Ǿ 60 29 ̴. 2016 41.5 ڸ Ͽ 2015 60.0 ڿ Ǿ, ֿ ڸ ϴ Ͱ ӵǰ ִ.
ǥȭ
ǥ ߿伺 ʿ Ѿ ֵ ǥȭ ȭǾ Ѵ. ǥ Һڵ ǰ ϰ ν Ʈũ ܺμ(Network Externality) Ŵ Ȯ븦 ϸ, ǥȭ ʱ ̷ ϰų ٸ ǥ ǥȭ ǥ 濡 ū ϰų ȭ İ ó ǰų £ µ ɼ ִ. õ ǥ Ǵ , ǥ £ Ը Ÿ ϴ ȿ ʷԿ ǥȭ ߿伺 ǰ ִ. ۷ιȭ ȭǸ鼭 ǥذ õ Ѿ λϿ, ǥ ߿伺 ʿ ֵ ǥȭ ȭǰ ִ ̴. Ư װ ϴ ƴ ߱ ڱ ο ǥ Ȯ ǥ Ϳ Ǹ ʿ䰡 ִ.
û
б ⺻ȹ , ȸ· ȭ 亯ȭ ݿ
б ⺻ȹ ̳ ġ ΰ 鸮 ʰ Ǿ Ѵ. ٸ ȸ· ȭ б 亯ȭ ȭ å ݿ ʿ伺 Ѵ. 4 ο б ̵ dzϰ, ̷ б ġ ̴. 꼺 Ȥ ΰġ Ȯ ̾ Ϻ Ǵܵ 信 ȸ· Ʈ带 ϰ å ݿ ʿ䰡 ִ. å а, â , б å ε Ѵ.
嵿 ܰ Ư ȭ ʿ
ż嵿 ȭ ȿ ϱ ؼ ߱, R&D , ȭ ܰ踦 ϰ ܰ躰· ι å Ͽ ϴ ʿϴ. ϴ Ű(R&D, ڿ, ) å ϰ R&D Ӹ ƴ϶ , , η, 忡 ʿ Ű å ʿ䰡 ִ.
̷ ż ȯ ַ ű հ ʿ
ַ ο ϴ ü Ұϴٴ ν ʿ䰡 ִ. ֱ ǰ ִ ο ż , , IT, ڵ ַ ٰ ĻǴ ̱ ַ ο ߱ϴ 䱸ȴ.
ȸ ȿ 䱸
R&D ̶ ӹ ؾ ϸ, R&D å ΰ ó ȿ ū о, ȭ ɼ о߷ ʿϸ, R&D ȿ ̱ ؼ ̰ ȿ Źͽ(governance) 䱸ǰ ִ. ΰ R&D ٶ Ҿ ֱ ؼ ȭ , R&D ƿ ҽ ° , ̵ پ 䱸ǰ ִ.
Ÿ ʴ Ż ߱ å ʿ
̷ ʿ Ǵ ű R&D η Ȯ ʿϴ. Ѵٸ ڰ ߵ ϰ, ʹ о߿ йǸ鼭 Ѱ谡 ǥ ʿ ̷ Ÿ ִ ߵ ʿ䰡 ִ.
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