"öƽ Ȳ ذå б å - 4"
. öƽ ̻ ȿ Ȳ
öƽ , dzο Ȱ ũ ϰ ִ ݸ, öƽ Ÿϰų Ұ ɰ ȯ ϰ ִ. , ݿ̰ ռ öƽ صǴ 300~400 ɸµ, ̴ ؼ ȯ̶ θ Ǿ 츮 տ Ÿ ִ. ̸ ذϱ ϳ ̻̳ ȿҸ ̿ ذ , ̰ ȯ öƽ ó ̴. ̷ ذ ٻ , ȿ ٻ Ȱ öƽ ֱ Ȱ ǰ , öƽ ǰ ϱ ʹ ̹ ش ִ. ȯ ģȭ̰ ؼ öƽ , , , غ ߰, ϰ ִ ̻ ߱ ƿ ʿϴ. 忡 ռ öƽ(öƽ ) ؼ öƽ ̻(, 漱, ) ȿҿ ֱ 캸 Ѵ.
1. öƽ ̻
. öƽ
<ǥ 3.1> öƽ յ ̸, ̵ Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Bacillus Rhodococcus ִ. ̵ , Pseudomonas, Streptomyces Ǿ , Ư Pseudomonas PE, PUR, PVC öƽ ش ٰ ִ. , Pseudomonas ̿ ٸ ֵ öƽ ؿ ڼ ˷ ʾҰ, ӵ ̹Ͽ ϴ Ⱓ ɸ.
1) öƽ Pseudomonas sp.
ϻȰ θ Ǵ öƽ صǴ ȯ ֱٿ öƽ ظ ȭϴ ̻ ߰ߵǰ ִ. Ư Pseudomonas sp. ռ öƽ ϴ ɷ , ̿ ü Ұϰ Ѵ.
Pseudomonas sp. PE, PP, PVC, PS, PUR, PET, PES, PEG PVA پ ȿ ϴ ȮεǾ. Pseudomonas sp. ɷ ϴ δ biofilm ο ǥ, ȭ Ǵ ؿ ϴ ˸, ȭ ϴ ذ ϴ ȭ ε Ǿ (Wilkes & Aristilde, 2017).
PE θ Ǵ öƽ μ öƽ , , , ǰ 峭 ַ Ǹ ƿ 罽 ȭ ӷμ Ҽ Ÿ. PE е . ܴ ŷ ϴ 罽 е PE(LDPE) ϸ, 罽 ڵ е PE(HDPE) Ѵ. ؾ°迡 и 15 HDPE ϴ κ Pseudomonas sp. ȿ ϴ . Pseudomonas sp. PE 罽 ü ģ Ű, carbonyl⸦ ϰ ڷ 罽 ܽ Ӹ Ѵ. öƽ LDPE ó , P. aeruginosa ظ 2 50.5% ִٰ Ǿִ. Pseudomonas AKS2 LDPE ϴ ȭ ó ʿ ʰ 5% 45 صǴ . Ȯε ʴ Pseudomonas sp. ó LDPE 28.6% 45 ȿ Ѵٴ ȮϿ. PE õ öƽ ش ü 迭 ӿ Pseudomonas sp. ٿ ؼ öƽ ش ȴ(Wilkes & Aristilde, 2017).
PS ϸ ȸ , ȿ ܿ Ǹ źȭ 罽 Բ phenyl Ǿ ִ. PS ؿ ̷ PS ü Pseudomonas sp. Ƽ, 翣 ȭչ ص ִ. Pseudomonas NCIM2220 PS ܷü ̷ , Ǵ ͻ ִ(Wilkes & Aristilde, 2017).
PUR polyisocyanate polyol κ urethane īζ(polycaprolactone, PCL), Ǵ ӻ پ . PUR Ÿ̾, , ܿ, , , Ʈ Ǹ Ư¡δ Ҳɿ ܿ ȿ ̻ Ȱ ̰ µ, pH, ȭоǰ ̻ ȿ ҽŲ. ̿ PUR ؿ ȿ ұϰ P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, P. cepacia, P. protegens P. chlororaphis Pseudomonas sp. ذ PUR Ѵٰ ˷ ִ(Wilkes & Aristilde, 2017).
PET Ҽ ϸ ȭ , ·ȭ ټ Ͽ ǰ ǰ, ڵ ǰ Ǹ 귮 ϰ ְ ռ öƽ ǰ 50% ȴ. ȭó PET ذ ڿܼ ó , P. azotoformans P. stuzeri öƽ ü ּ ߷ ս 1 Ŀ Ÿ(Wilkes & Aristilde, 2017). PET ϰų PET ϴ ̻ õǾ Ҽ Ǿ ִ(Muller et al., 2005; Nimchua et al., 2007; Nimchua et al., 2008; Ronkvist et al., 2009; Sharon & Sharon, 2012; Yoshida et al., 2016).
2) Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6
ֱٿ Yoshida et al.(2016) Ǵ öƽ PET üϴ (Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6) ߰Ͽ, öƽ 6 Ϻ ϴ 巯. ̴ ٸ öƽ Ƶ̳ ֱ PET Ѵٴ ̺ٵ ξ ȿ Ÿ ǹѴ. 翡 ϸ ش ƴ
70Ⱓ ȯ濡 öƽ Ͽ PET ִ ȿҸ ϵ ȭ ɼ ִ . öƽ Ǵ PET ϴ ð ҿǹǷ, ̸ Ȱ Ǵ ȭ ۾ ȿ Ȱϱ ؼ ʿ δ. PET ϴ ̻ Ʒ ˷(<ǥ 3.2> ).
. öƽ 漱
ȣ⼺ ⼺ ǿ PHB ϴ ̻ PHB ʸ ǫ ǥ鿡 پ , , 漱 ߰ߵǾ. پ յ ȣۿϿ öƽ ذ Ͼٴ ش.
. öƽ
öƽ ϴ ټ ȣ⼺ ⼺ ̴ ̳ Ȱ(sludge) پ ȯ濡 <ǥ 3.4> ߰ߵǾ. Trametes HDPE, Poliporusoersicolor, Pleurotus, Pleaurotus, Aureobasidium PVC, Cladosporium, Penicillium PUR, Fusarium sp. LDPE, Aspergillus versicolor, Phanerochaete PVC Ѵٰ ˷ ִ(Chandra, 2015). Aspergillus flaous LDPE Ӹ ƴ϶ HDPE ذ ϴ. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus tigrinus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sydowii յ PVC ٸ ֵ ӵ ִ. ̵ յ鵵 PVC Ϻϰ
. öƽ ؾ̻
ΰ ϻȰ öƽ ٴٿ ԵǴ ֿ ϳ̴. ٴٴ ķ, , ڿ ߿ ڿ ϰ ֿ ΰ Ǹ, ĸ ϴ ߿ ҵ Ѵ. Ƿ öƽ ؾ ° ȭ Ը û ǿ ų ִ. ̷ ؾ öƽ ذ ִ ϳ öƽ ش ؾ ̻ ߱ϴ ̴. Ư, ߿ ߰ߵ ִ ؾ ̻ Ȱ뿡 ָް ִ. ֱٿ ߿ ؾ öƽ ؿ öƽ-̻ ȣۿ뿡 ϰ Ѵ(Urbanek et al., 2018).
1) ؾ ̻ öƽ ȣۿ
õ ٴٷ ԵǴ öƽ ȭ, , dzȭ, ڿܼ ̻ ̼öƽ ũⰡ پ Ϻδ ħǰ, Ϻδ biofouling()̶ ģ. biofouling ٴٿ öƽ ü Ͼ ǹϸ, adsorption(), immobilization(εȭ ۿ), consolidation(ȭ), microfouling(̻ ) ģ. ̻ microfouling(̼) ߿ϰ ۿϴµ Ư ü Ѵٰ ˷ ִ. ̻ öƽ ǥ鿡 پ biofilm ϸ, öƽ ȭŰ ظ Ų(Muthu, 2014). öƽ صǾ nanoplastic Ǵ ܼ ȭչ صǾ ϰų ħ Ǵ Żϴ ġ ȴ(Harrison et al., 2011) (< 3.1> ).
2) ؾ ȯ濡 öƽ ϴ ɷ ̻
߿ öƽ ؿ ũ ǰ ִ. ϳ ؾ ° ̻ ȣۿ ϴ ̰, ϳ ؾ ̻ öƽ 踦 ϴ ̴. ̷ öƽ ϴ ̻ Ȯ ϱ ؼ 16s rRNA ⼭ ̿Ѵ(Ravenschlag, 1999). öƽ ̻ ħ ټ ߰ Ǵµ, ذ 4 ̸ µ ߿ ȯ̶ ߿ ȯ濡 ؾ ̻ öƽ ̳ ȴ(Ravenschlag, 1999). ̵ öƽ ߰ߵ ֿ ָ öƽ ش ̻ ߰ߵǾ, ǥ (<ǥ 3.5> ).
<ǥ 3.5> ϸ öƽ ̻ κ س ϱ 뿡 ߰ߵǴµ, Ư 4 ̸ ħ ټ ߰ߵǾ(Russell, 1990; Ravenschlag et al., 1999). ǥ Ϻ ߸ 320m и ִ Pseudomonas 4ɿ PCL ִ. 5,000~7,000m ħ Shewanella, Moritella, Psychrobacter Pseudomonas ؾ̻ ߰ߵǾ, ̵ ִ ؼ PCL ش Ÿ. , ؼ µ ұϰ PCL, PHB polybutylene succinate(PBS) ذ Ǿ (Urbanek et al., 2018). 320~650m ؼ Pseudomonas, Alcanivorax Tenacibaculum 5 PCL ְ Ǿ.
ֱ Raghul et al.(2014) Ҿ(PVA) е ƿ(LDPE)Vibrio alginolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2 ƿ Բ 15ְ Բ öƽ ǥ鿡 ƿ տ Ȩ Ȯ, 2 ̻ ϰ öƽ ص Ͽ(Raghul et al., 2014). 2018 Urbanek et al.(2018) ǽõ ֱ polylactic acid(PLA), PCL, PBS Polybutylene succinate adipate(PBSA) ̻ Ȱ ˻ , Clonostachys rosea Trichoderma sp. ֿ Pseudomonas Rhodococcus gena ִ PCL ʸ ɰ PLA ʸ Ǿ, PLA شɿ ɼ ־(Urbanek et al., 2018) (<ǥ 3.5> ).
3) öƽ ִ ؾ ̻ ĺ
տ ٿ ̻ ΰ ȯ ߿ , ̷ ߿ ȯ濡 ư ̻ ɷ ߿ öƽ ִ ɷ ָް ִ(Pauli et al., 2017). ٴٷ 귯 öƽ ̻鿡 ο (پ ڶ ִ ) ȰǾ , ص źҸ Ͽ ̻ Ȱ Űų ̻ ο . ǥ ٷ Ȱ ȿ(cold-active enzyme)μ ȿҴ ߿ Ȱȭ ǹǷ µ ̱ ʿ䰡 µ ʿ Ƿ, ϴ ǰ ִ(Yadav et al., 2017). ǥ ߿ ȯ濡 öƽ پ ߰ߵǴ ؾ ̻ Ͽ, ̻鵵 öƽ ϴ ĺ ް ִ(<ǥ 3.6> ).
<ǥ 3.6> Oberbeckmann ؾȿ ɾ ִ PET ̻ ߰, ̻ Phormidium Lewinella ٰ ߴ(Oberbeckmann et al., 2016). , Zettler ϴ뼭翡 PP, PE ̼öƽ Լߴµ, ̼öƽ Phormidium sp. Rivularia ̻ ߰Ͽ(Zettler et al., 2013). ʿ ġ Humber Estuary( ) ٴٿ ϴ LDPE ħ äϿ м Arcobacter, Colwellia sp. Ǿ ȮϿ(Harrison et al., 2011). ܿ Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, Rhodococcus öƽ ߰ߵǾ(Pathak & Navnett, 2017). Ӹ ƴ϶, Polaromonas, Micrococcus, Subtercola, Agreia, Leifsonia, Cryobacterium, Flavobacterium ̻ cryoconite( /Ͽ Ǿ ) ߰ߵǾ ̵ ֵ lipase Ѵٰ Ǿ öƽ ִ ̻ ȴ(Singh et al., 2014).
. ؼ öƽ ϴ ̻
öƽ ȯ ذϱ å ϳ ؼ öƽ ָ ް , ̵ ؼ öƽ ظ ų ִ ̻鿡 ǰ ִ. ؼ öƽ ؼ IV, ؼ öƽ κп ڼ ٷ絵 Ѵ.
1) PHAs ϴ ̻
PHAs ؼ öƽμ Ҽ ̴. ˷ PHA PHBε(Quinteros et al., 1999), ̰ źȭ ȿϴ پ տ Ǹ źҿ 幰μ Ǵ ڿ ̴(Shimao, 2001). ̷ PHA ϴ ̻ , پ ȯ濡 ϰ ִ. 翡 и Pseudomonas lemoignei, Comamonas sp. , Ȱ, , ؼ, ϱ , ϼ Alcaligenes faecalis, Comamonas sp., Comamonas testosteroni, Ilyobacter delafieldii, Clostridium sp. иǾ ̵ PHA Ͽ Ѵ (Colak & Guner, 2004) (<ǥ 3.7> ).
2) PCL ϴ ̻
PCL ȿҿ ˷ PHA հ ϰ PCL ȯ濡 پϰ Ѵ. PCL ϴ ̻δ Fusarium sp., Aspergillus fumigutus δ Bacillus pumilis, Paenibacillus sp. <ǥ 3.8> Ǿ ִ.
3) PBS PBSA ϴ ̻
PBS PBSA ռ ȭп ΰ PBS ǰ LDPE film ģ 츮 Ȱϴ ڿ ȯ濡 ذ ƴٴ ִ(Zhu et al., 2003). ǥ PBS ̻δ Aspergillus vesicolor, Psnicillium sp., Bacillus sp. Thermopolyspora sp. иǾ. PBSA ̻δ , Ȱ θ ϰ PBSA ̻ Ư ̹ ̴. ݱ ˷ PBSA ̻δ Uchidaet et al.(2000) Acidovorax delafieldil, Hayase et al.(2004) Bacillus pumilus κ иϿ Ͽ. Tomita et al.(2000) 翡 Bacillus stearothermophilus иϿ. Teeraphatpornchai et al.(2003) Ϻ پ ä 翡 PBSA Paenibacillus amylolyticus иϿ PBSAӸ ƴ϶ PLA, PCL PES پ ϴ Ǿ. , Aspergillus versicolor Zhao et al.(2005) 翡 иϿ. <ǥ 3.9> õ Ͱ PBSA ̻ Ǿ.
4) ؼ öƽ ϴ ȿ
<ǥ 3.10> ڿ迡 ϴ ؼ öƽ ϴ ȿ ̴.
PBSA ִ ȿ ü 10 4×103~4×106 cfu/g Ѵ. κ PBSA ȿ ü Ư¡ , Tankei 9001, Nourin 18, Saikai 124 Kantou 135 PBSA ȿ ü ٸ Ư¡ ü Ѵ(Kitamoto, 2011).
5) ؼ öƽ Ȱ շ
<ǥ 3.11> õ ٿ ؼ öƽ ϴ շ MAFF 6 B47-9 ִ. MAFF 6 P. chrysanthemicola ֿ P. radicina ַ Ǿ , B47-9 ִ ؼ öƽ ش ִ.
MAFF ִ PBSA Ͽ, PBSA PBS ʸ Ͽ. ̿ B47-9 ִ PBSA PBS θ Ѵ. Paraphoma ӿ ϴ MAFF ְ ؼ öƽ ɷ ȴ(Koitabashi et al., 2016).
. 2. öƽ ȿҰ ̾ϴ.
<ڷ : ѱбѸ>
<۱ڨ 'öƽ̾' - .>
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